![]() ![]() Otherwise, space and time remain independent. In Time Geography, the concept of movement (or stay – no movement) serves the function to relate space and time. GIScience researchers operationalize Time Geography to calculate and visualize accessibility, activity patterns, visit probability, mobility, and life course analysis of exposure (Miller 1991, Kwan 2004, Kwan et al. Hägerstrand’s (Hägerstrand 1970) Time Geography follows the absolute view of space independent of time and conceptualizes a space-time aquarium in which humans project space-time paths and space-time prisms individually and stations and bundles collectively through activities in space and over time. To this end, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) adopt continuous, absolute, orthogonal, separate space and time to build spatial and temporal coordinate systems that anchor geographic things and compute their relationships in space (e.g., distance), time (e.g., periodicity), and space-time (e.g., trajectories).Ī popular absolute conceptualization is a 3D container with a 1-D time orthogonal to a 2-D Euclidean space. The most common function of space and time in GIScience is to serve as referents for organizing geographic things, either abstract or concrete constructs. Time is Independent of Space but Relates to Space by Movement and Change Central to the five items is the emphasis on the modes by which we think in GIScience.Ģ. Below is an unexhaustive list of the relationships between space and time. Are they continuous (i.e., with infinite details) or discrete (i.e., with minimum units)? Are they absolute (i.e., existing on their own) or relative (i.e., determined by others)? Are they orthogonal (i.e., independent) or relational (i.e., related, connected, or dependent)? Are they separate (i.e., space and time) or integrated (i.e., space-time)? In GIScience, these conceptual dichotomies of space and time influence what we can represent, reason, analyze, and model, and consequently, how we may understand the world. ![]() Space and time are subject to several conceptual dichotomies. Besides the absolute and relative conceptualizations of space and time, GIScience research delves into the relationships between space and time in cognition, representation, computation, and visualization of geographic information. Geographic Information Science (GIScience) has long adopted the perspective of space and time as reasoning frameworks to conceptualize and represent geographic worlds digitally for comprehension and prediction. To Albert Einstein, “time and space are modes by which we think and not conditions in which we live” (Marianoff and Wayne 1944, p.
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